}. Production funding provided by the Germans From Russia Cultural Preservation Foundation and the Germans From Russia Heritage Collection North Dakota State University Libraries. But first, we need you to sign in to PBS using one of the services below. Includes index. Grandmothers could still peel potatoes. . The soup broth is great. Let me hear from you. In a separate pan, melt the butter and saute onions until tender and slightly browned. Combine eggs and milk in a large bowl, beat to combine. Then the tsunami that was World War II rolled out of Europe and the Pacific. if it's dead, you won't see any activity) Pour into a mixing bowl of a stand mixer. Entry: Germans from Russia in Ellis County Author: Kansas Historical Society Author information: The Kansas Historical Society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state's history. Germans From Russia North Dakota Recipes bestwww.tfrecipes.com Steps: Whisk the flour, baking powder, salt, and pepper together in a bowl. As Ive mentioned in the past, Ron and I have been working on a joint project, exploring the foodways of the Germans From Russia. Add potatoes, pepper, salt, sugar and vinegar. So I couldnt tell you if it would fit or be too much/too little. Recipes from Grandmas Kitchen Volume I documents the resourcefulness of the Germans from Russia in the preparation of food for large families by showing traditional cooks presenting family-pleasing recipes. ${cardName} unavailable for quantities greater than ${maxQuantity}. We plant vegetable gardens and are perplexed by those who dont. (If the yeast is alive, it will bubble up to the top. This recipe is just like my grandmas. Perfect with a cup of tea or glass of milk. Cook for 5-10 minutes or until the dumplings begin to rise. To add the following enhancements to your purchase, choose a different seller. I do have a question. var adbackhost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? CONTEXT German translates single words, common phrases and idiomatic expressions and performs Quick Search in all available dictionaries simultaneously. the introduction to that booklet. For more information and registrations please go to our Conventions page. var iframesrc = adbackhost+dataString;
Always try one first. I am the fourth generation of one of those families. But first, we need you to sign in to PBS using one of the services below. Kuchen makes a great after supper dessert or morning snack with coffee. Copyright 2023 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), all rights reserved. GERMAN-RUSSIAN-DAKOTA KNEFLA RECIPE | ALLRECIPES Fill a large pot with lightly salted water and bring to a rolling boil over high heat. My 8 perfect kuchen just came out of the oven 3 prune, 2 apricot, 2 peach, 1 blueberry! Borscht (English: / b r , b r t / ()) or barszcz is a sour soup common in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.In English, the word "borscht" is most often associated with the soup's variant of Ukrainian origin, made with red beetroots as one of the main ingredients, which give the dish its distinctive red color. This recipe I adapted from my mother-in-law as well as the official Germans from Russiafood cultureBible called Ewiger Saatz: Everlasting Yeast. ( I used sour cream) 4 eggs at room temp. - a project of Germans from Russia Heritage Society, coordinated by the GRHS Clearing House, September 2021. In a large pot the wine was warmed, and when foam was created on top it would be skimmed off and ladled into a nearby pot filled with corn flour. 1 c. warm milk. // allow access to the document object The greatest concentration of Black Sea Germans is in the Dakotas. hiwhen you made your dough for the soup did you use your mixer? JENNY DEWEY ROHRICH. I prefer chicken), 2 tablespoons fresh dill, chopped or 1 tablespoon dill weed, 16 ounces cream or 16 ounces half-and-half. Ham in a blanket.var tempIFrame=document.createElement("iframe"); She always had one sheet pan of Kuchen for all the kids. Occasionally, on a sleety, chill March afternoon, I would get off the school bus and go into the bathroom to find a Hereford calf in the bathtub. Includes index. Ingredients 2 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking powder 1 teaspoon salt teaspoon black pepper 1 egg cup milk 2 tablespoons vegetable oil 3 potatoes, peeled and diced Directions Whisk the flour, baking powder, salt, and pepper together in a bowl. There are prayers and sayings, Grandpas butchering day stories and Grandmas variations or tweaks put on recipes. Place dough pieces very close together, in a single layer, in the boiling water. Wet calves chill fast on cold muck, and sometimes a mother would butt one away when he tried to nurse. Take me back home. Member price-- $10.00 USD | Non-member price $20.00 USD, KARLSRUHE BAPTISMS FOUND IN LANDAU ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH BAPTISMAL REGISTERS JANUARY 12, 1841 DECEMBER 7, 1850 (missing years 1845-1848) - a project of Germans from Russia Heritage Society, coordinated by the GRHS Clearing House, April 2021. , Hmmm Maybe check the expiration date on your yeast!? More and more, families took the risk and leapt across the Atlantics landless expanse. Recipes from Grandma's Kitchen Volume II presented German-Russian cooks whipping up the favorite recipes that speak to the proverb that food is love. The worst that can be said of anyone is that they are lazy or that they think they are better than others. Start with 15 lb hog rind cooked separately (a gluey mess!). Fantastic find, Ron. Add yeast, eggs and remaining warm milk to mixture. germans from russia.Preview / Show more . Peel and dice beets when they have cooled. 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, No Import Fees Deposit & $12.86 Shipping to France. | Video has closed captioning. Nevertheless, they were proud to become Americans. Let cool to lukewarm (80). Recipes from Grandma's Kitchen Volume II presented German-Russian cooks whipping up the favorite recipes that speak to the proverb that food is love. For cooking the rest of the soup you may choose which method of cooking (baking, or slow cooking) that works best for you. Germans From Russia Heritage Collection 1201 Albrecht Blvd First Floor, Room 114 Fargo, ND 58102. This is your book bring back Grandmas recipes or just the memories of her cooking to share with family. The perfect mix of buttery goodness, with eggs, vanilla and sugar, just like babushka made. If you think back to when you used to visit grandmas house as a child, I am sure grandma always had some special kind of dessert for you. Salt and pepper to taste, season with dill weed. Includes index. Like coal-mine canaries, these harbingers had sensed the first drift of toxins in the air of their Black Sea villages, foresaw the ending of their way of life. Would gladly share it with you! James Herriots adventures as a veterinarian in 1930s Yorkshire get a new TV adaptation. Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon, Independently published (September 4, 2021). Set aside and let cool. Includes index. Put 2-3 tablespoons filling on half of diameter. Book reviews, interviews, editors' picks, and more. If the broth looks fatty, strain broth from vegetables, let cool, and skim off fat. I bought a spaetzle maker and it changed my life! Formulas to enrich your own Kitchen. Thank you, but I was disappointed the cover was damaged in transit. n 1972 students in my class in Folk Recipes produced a . The best thing about kuchen is that they are fairly thin and thaw out fast. Other Low Carb Recipes. Cook on medium heat, stirring until thick. If you shirk this obligation, the tribe knows it and labels you. written collaboratively . Think strudels, sauerkraut, fleischkeuchla, borscht, pickled beets, stirrum, knoephla soup, kuchen, and so much more. With no nearby gas station to coast to when the tank reads E, its important to have your own gas pump by the garage with a sun-cracked black hose and a good credit record with the Standard Oil truck driver. Volga Germans settled mostly in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas. I find it interesting looking at your info and recipes. The seasons of the plow, the disc, the rake, the harrow, the horse-drawn, and then steam-powered thresher. Member Price - $25.00 | Non-member price: $50.00. Kuchen Recipe from Germans from Russia group Diced Carrots Diced Onions Diced Green Pepper German Recipes Canned Tomato Soup Cabbage Rolls Halupsi Cabbage Rolls T Tami Schock Germans from Russia recipes Stew Recipes German Goulash Traditional German Food Goulash Soup Foreign Food Original German Gulaschsuppe Chicken Gravy Cream Of Chicken Soup Mix together the flour, baking powder, salt, eggs and 1 C. water or milk to make a fairly stiff dough. 4 hours ago Rating: 4.38 stars. Mix and let rise overnight. In North America, the Germans from Russia were attracted to the great prairies, which were not unlike the steppes of Russia where they had been farming for generations. And after all, with this tribe, sadness of one kind or another was familiar, an inevitable part of life. Add remaining ingredients (EXCEPT beets, beet leaves, and cream) into a roaster pan to bake in oven, or large crock pot to slow cook. Coming from western Kansas, he was prejudiced about soft wheat, pasta and sheep. It is inclusive inclusive of all German groups who uprooted from their Germanic homelands and heeded the call of . Thank you for helping us improve PBS Video. We are sorry. Report a Problem | 2 cups warm milk 1/2 cup sugar 1 (1/4 oz.) When it blizzards, though we are snug in town, we worry about the cattle in the country. My Father came from Germany and was also a butcher who ended up in North Dakota. I grew up eating Kuchen my Grandma would whip up. Copy a link to this video to your clipboard, Germans From Russia is a local public television program presented by. I might need to learn to speak German. Bring to a boil. Custard filling will set as kuchen cools. Please use a different way to share. ground pork 8 lbs. I love your blog and am a new subscriber! Includes index. Much to my surprise though, my husband gave the approval to this soup and even touted the taste is right on! Score one for this California turned North Dakotan! Add flour and baking powder, mix together well until dough forms. Privacy Policy (function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); Butter Pecan Cookies featuring Jennifer Wammack of , Your Pain Serves a Purpose. Mar 2, 2023. Excellent mix of history, culture, and recipes! Combine the ingredients for the dough, using enough flour to make the dough stiff. Germans of New Russia (Ukraine) - After victorious wars with Turkey, immigrants from German lands were invited to facilitate the rapid development of newly incorporated territories within the Russian Empire. Thanks so much! This beautiful rope hung in the cavernous haymow of our rambling red barn. Lay fruit on top of dough and add filling (about 1/2 cup each kuchen). Just made a dozen kuchen here in nw indiana. I think you will enjoy this Facebook page if you enjoy German-Russian cooking. ground beef 1/3 cup salt 3 T pepper 10 cloves of crushed garlic (Put garlic into a cup of warm water for 1 hour. Special | 43m 1s When needed, the patties were broken into warm water and dissolved, then made into bread dough. tempIFrame.style.height='0px'; You've just tried to add this show to My List. Problems Playing Video? north dakota rooted. We got married and moved to Northern California. Mix all dough ingredients together well. Member Price $15.00 USD for members | Non-members $30.00 USD, FRANZFELD ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, BAPTISMS January 1855 - October 1864 - a project of Germans from Russia Heritage Society, coordinated by the GRHS Clearing House, March 2021. (Or if you&, Kuchen Recipe from Germans from Russia group, Germans from Russia Foodways and Traditions facebook, Strudels (in my mind Im saying it like a yodel, Im so excited! self proclaimed homecook. The assumption is that anyone on this lonely stretch of road has some business being there. BUT, to the knephla dough , I add 1 tsp. Humble little bands from southern Germany had lumbered halfway across Europe to the Russian steppes at the offer of free land and autonomy by Czarina Catherine the Great. Whether it be some sort of cookie, brownie, or cake. By creating an account, you acknowledge that PBS may share your information with our member stations and our respective service providers, and that you have read and understand the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. You ask any good German (or Cherman), they will have endless recipes of the special dough their mother or grandmother made. LOOOVE this! Includes index. MAKE THE GRAVY: Remove cabbage rolls to serving platter or large casserole dish leave the broth in the pan. Notes The Czarina was gone and her promises with her. Member Price $20.00 |Non-member price $40.00, SULZ BAPTISMS FOUND IN LANDAU ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH BAPTISMAL REGISTERS JANUARY 9, 1841 DECEMBER 24, 1850 (missing years 1845-1848) - a project of Germans from Russia Heritage Society, coordinated by the GRHS Clearing House, April 2021. Before the war, the EU's stance on science cooperation rested on the 'as open as possible and as closed as necessary' principle, and while this remains the rule, one former diplomat says, "We can see a certain shift towards the second part of this . Crispy on the outside and tender on the inside, they can be a side dish for just about any meal or the main course for a light meal. Gutes Essen: Good Eating in German-Russian Country, Here is a list of German-Russian food terms and their English translations taken from the Recipe Index Search found in the NDSU Libraries - Germans from Russia Heritage Collection. I only want to make ONE kuchen, so I wanted to check. Bring to a , Authentic German Recipes. And like most German food, it is the ultimate comfort food. They were dispersed into the Army or enlisted in the Marines or the Air Force, though theyd never ridden on a plane, or the Navy, though theyd never seen an ocean.
var tempIFrame=document.createElement("iframe"); Robert immediately found uses for the brined melon. He made a cocktail of homemade slivovitz (plum brandy) with cubed brined watermelon. By the time Dad came in from two hours of trundling the flat hay wagon through the frozen pasture, cutting the double strings of 40-pound bales with his pocket knife and off-loading them into a slow swarm of white-faced Herefords, he was temporarily snow-blind. daughter to a butcher. But, for various reasons, we are unable to determine more than that. When the war subsided, the old geography of pioneer life on the plains was changed forever. Member Price $15.00 | Non-member price $30.00, LANDAU BAPTISMS FOUND IN LANDAU ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH BAPTISMAL REGISTERS, January 2, 1827 December 31, 1840 (missing years 1828-1830 & 1832) - a project of Germans from Russia Heritage Society, coordinated by the GRHS Clearing House, December 2020. Cook over medium heat until tender, this may take an hour or so. Please try again. ground black pepper, dillweed, or chopped chives (optional) Peel the cucumbers and onion. A dirt-floored basement with a prairie rock foundation, 50 degrees year-round, populated by salamanders and spiders, housed shelves of Ball jars filled with beans and beets, pickles and soup, tomatoes, and peaches and pears. window.onload = function() { "https://s.ad-back.net/adbackplugin" : "http://n.ad-back.net/adbackplugin"); The great prairie sod was sliced and overturned. Some Germans from Russia added dry curd cottage cheese for cheese kuchen called kasekuchen. Grandma's Kuchen - Ashley. For those who remained, the air seemed to ring with a coming loneliness. CONTEXT German, intelligent bi-directional Computer Dictionary for German-English and German-French languages. My cousins grandmother baked ever Saturday morningevery surface would be covered with the best smelling goodies! I'm curious, were all the Volgadeutsch Mennonite? "A pinch of this, a little of that, a dash here. Add the sugar dry. A great gift for the elderly, siblings, and especially children. We can remove the first show in the list to add this one. Gutes Essen: Good Eating in German-Russian Country is Prairie Public's newest documentary that celebrates the food culture of the Germans from Russia who emi. The richest farmer in the neighborhood must be in appearance indistinguishable from the poorest. Simmer in a 250 degrees oven for 6-8 hours or low in a crock pot for 8-12 hours or until vegetables are tender. Dissolve yeast in cup warm milk. Rons people, on his father's side are Russo-German from Sulz, a village in the southern region of Ukraine. I have amended the recipe to include the spaetzle maker dough, the traditional dough recipe is WAY too hard to push through the little holes of the spaetzle maker! I have recently dabbled in cooking some of my husbands favorite foods he grew up eating from recipes out of the book. I have my mother-in-laws wedding kuchen recipe. I loved it the next day, cold, like eating cold pizza. Now there would be time to pay a visit on a Sunday to the relatives, where the grandpas and great-uncles would smoke cigars, play cards and argue politics in a mix of German and English. Mix together: 20 lb good pork chunks, boiled til ready to eat, and then ground coarse 15 lb jowels and trimming off bacon 5 to 8 lb raw ground beef Seasoning (see below) Seasoning Calculations: 5 cloves (per pound?) This wave of colonists was different in composition from arrivals in the Volga region. Soft cover. Der Vater would anxiously scan the waiting crowd for a man from their old village in Russia, the first to risk his well-tended vineyards and fields for this featureless ocean of grass. Soft cover - 25 pages // allow access to the document object 1 cup heavy sweet or sour cream at room temp. Germans From Russia Heritage Collection 1201 Albrecht Blvd First Floor, Room 114 Fargo, ND 58102. This reheats well and tastes better the longer it simmers. Remove beets and reserve juice. tempIFrame.style.width='0px'; Whisk the flour, baking powder, salt, and pepper together in a bowl. Here's a cookbook decoding the recipes that were crafted, created and perfected over many years. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Doubling the rope into a sling, wed sit or stand in the loop, climb a stack of bales and launch ourselves. hatte dort in Emmons Conty in 1970 gewohnt. That night, at least, all the centuries of the tribes life were gathered in one placean ornately carved Gothic altar and pulpit from their deep Black Forest life of antiquity, housed in an iconic white steepled church on their new prairie home. mom of two. Mix all together, and roll into walnut size balls. , Thanks so much for subscribing!! | Silver Threading. In a pinch, you can borrow from the farm down the road, but only sparingly and promptly repaid, lest you risk getting a reputation for being feckless. Here are some snippets on many foodways, traditions, characteristics and other information about Germans from Russia in North Dakota; this part of a WPA project and written in 1938, when much of my own family would have been considered first-generation immigrants: https://books.google.com/books?id=ogAFiiuD_ggC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=Russo+Germanic+Food&source=bl&ots=XlIA2POER_&sig=4NOgOxyEs8yTQV6CXXvETkRz-t4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L8WUVKy3DoWlyQSrxIKoAw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwDDgU#v=onepage&q=Russo%20Germanic%20Food&f=false. She made it every Christmas over the years. Germans from the provinces of South Russia migrated north to the Orenburg and Ufa provinces, and there are some recent Catholic church record translations available at BSGR for the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg parishes. In a separate pan, melt the butter and saute onions until tender and slightly browned. I have seen recipes like this, however, I havent tested these exact measurements with a cookie sheet or jelly roll pan. Is it too dry, too wet? Have been married for 58 years. Combine water, bay leaves, chicken base, and potatoes in a large heavy bottomed pot. I know that doesn't affect the recipes, but was sad to get a damaged copy of this book. GERMANS FROM RUSSIA BORSCHT. Harvest creates hanging dust and red sunsets. Step 3. Copy a link to this video to your clipboard, Germans From Russia is a local public television program presented by, Fight the Power: How Hip Hop Changed the World, The David Rubenstein Show: Peer to Peer Conversations. Perfect for those cold winter nights. The German language took a mortal blow as Uncle Sam homogenized ethnicities. Form dough into one large ball and place in well oiled bowl. Thank you for posting your recipe! 6 days ago tfrecipes.com Show details . The earliest known written reference to vodka comes from Russia in the early 15th century. You will find broken links until the problem is solved. In the dark confines of a milking shed at the end of a 90-plus degree day, with 20 large bovine bodies radiating heat, the ambient temperature approaches the surface of the sun. Now when i think about it, im sure she did it from memory with a little bit of this and some of that. 3 eggs, beaten. Among the Germans from South Russia [i.e., the Black Sea Germans], Plachinta (baked pumpkin- or meat=filled turnovers),* Borscht, savory Strudel, Fleischkuchle (deep-fried beef and onion turnovers), a soupy lettuce salad that was served with dumplings, Pfeffernusse cookies [with watermelon syrup], and custard-based Kuchen are signature dishes. Phone: +1 (701) 231-8416 Phone: +1 (701) 231-8416 These, Dad would bring in for a day or so, to prevent pneumonia and hoping that the mother would have a change of heart. Emigration to and from the German-Russian Volga Colonies. When mouths were too many around the kitchen table and crops dried up, young men went off to the Civilian Conservation Corps, the New Deal jobs program, or they were hired out to uncles or other farmers as field hands. Godly Lessons , Germans from Russia Foodways and Traditions, My Holiday TO DO List Have a REAL Christmas! Feodora Iwanowitsch. THANKS SO MUCH! Season to taste. // the document.frames array a traditional Germans from Russia custard filled cake with a sweet dough. In the summer kitchen, baby chickens would be surrounded by a protective wall of corrugated cardboard, all soft yellow down, cheeping, warmed under the heat lamp. http://www.frank-kolb-russia.org/miscellaneous/dictionary-food-terms.shtml, Source: http://news.umary.edu/tribe-time-trait/. Quiet as a cathedral, with dust motes floating in the slanting sunbeams, the haymow in our weathered red barn held an immense hillock of loose hay in one corner and short stacks of bales along the sides. Roll into " ropes; cut " into pieces and drop into boiling water for about 5-7 min remove drain and lay out to dry. 1 c. warm milk. Soft cover - 30 pages German Chancellor Olaf Scholz delivers his speech at the German parliament Bundestag marking the first anniversary of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and his . Plus, our immigrant experiences parallel each others. Click here for some various "Germans from Russia" sausage recipes Various Chokecherry Recipes Manitoba Farmers Sausage Cured Breakfast Hamburger Ron's Family's Recipe for Kase Knepfla (Cheese Buttons) Tangy Caraway Rye Bread German White Bread Kurbis Stumfus (Mashed Pumpkin and Potatoes) Chicken and Knoephla Soup Blachinda Raisin and Sour Cream Pie Dissolve yeast in lukewarm milk and let stand for 5 minutes. Boil til soft like gluten. They smelled trouble brewing in Russia and saw in America another offer of free land. We couldnt get it to rise, however we are not very experienced bakers. . And their pragmatic nature understood that, after all, survival and their childrens survival, was worth the price. Since the soup is basically broth based, I recommend using a good quality chicken base. For one thing, tractors had put the horses out to pasture, and the labor of so many hands was no longer needed. In the country, you help your neighbors, like them or not. Among the Germans from South Russia [i.e., the Black Sea Germans], Plachinta (baked pumpkin- or meat=filled turnovers),* Borscht, savory Strudel, Fleischkuchle (deep-fried beef and onion turnovers), a soupy lettuce salad that was served with dumplings, Pfeffernusse cookies [with watermelon syrup], and custard-based Kuchen are signature dishes. Later, German-Russians created yeast for their bread by fermenting wine. Farmers on the margins lost their homesteads, by drought or grasshoppers, to unpaid taxes. Kuchen continues to be a staple at community gatherings, family gathering, and holidays. Drop knoephla into the broth. Roll dough into 6 or 8 inch circles. Form dough into one large ball and place in well oiled bowl. Sorry! German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, right, and Economy and Climate Minister Robert Habeck arrive for the debate at the German parliament Bundestag marking the first anniversary of Russia's . This translates to "water of life" and was used for medicinal purposes. Now all the german russians chowed down on it like it was golden honey, everyone else, not so much. North Dakota State University. Soft cover - 66 pages She was also German Russian, as was my grandpa both lived in SD. That is the tribes legacy. He cut it into cubes and combined it in a salad with sliced celery and scallions and unrefined sunflower oil. baking powder 4 eggs Combine potatoes, onions, celery, chicken broth and soup base, cook. flour 1 c. sugar 2 c. cream 1 tsp. Sauerkraut. It says yields 8, but is that servings or 8 kuchens? Dad always claimed that the Volgadeutsch made Kansas and surrounding farmlands into America's breadbasket by bringing "Turkey Red' wheat with them. This salad was so good that I had to duplicate it the following evening. . So I wasnt sure. }
Member price $10.00 USD | Non-member price $20.00 USD, SPEIER BAPTISMS FOUND IN LANDAU ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH BAPTISMAL REGISTERS JANUARY 6, 1841 DECEMBER 27, 1850 (missing years 1845-1848) - a project of Germans from Russia Heritage Society, coordinated by the GRHS Clearing House, April 2021. This will make enough dough for 5-6 kuchens. Our parents not only taught us to work hard, but to love it!, Reviewed in the United States on December 21, 2021. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Soft cover - 42 pages. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and US President Joe Biden vowed to maintain pressure on Russia, as the white house announced 376 million to Ukraine. var IFrameObj = document.body.appendChild(tempIFrame); Brown the cabbage rolls on ALL sides for best flavor. The ballast to this inherited worry is the bone-deep joy in the natural world, a love for big, open skies, the long view to the horizon, the blessing of a cottonwoods shade on a scorching day. Knoephla soup, also called Knephla, Nephla or Nefla or Nifla souo, I dont know if you can get any more North Dakotan than knoephla/knephla soup.