The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . As one Qing official complained:[9]. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. }, Page last modified: The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Corrections? Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Nothing is known of his end. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History ", Dai, Yingcong. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. ." Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Inventions Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Imperial Mistakes At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660.