J. (1995) Creation of a Bountiful Seaside, Daiichi Houki Shuppan, p. 91. Coastal areas which are 20 meters or less below sea level account for about 31,000 square kilometers, which is approximately 10% of the total land area of Japan. and K.D.S. A second objective is to aid in appropriate human utilization of coastal areas. Thank you for visiting nature.com. 204, 273287 (2004). Ensuring a steady supply of soil to the mouth of the river by minimizing the extraction of soil from mid- and downstream can be termed environment restoration. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.011 (2016). Please check your inbox for the reset password link that is only valid for 24 hours. Development in the post-war era has resulted in Japans coastline becoming an artificial coastline. Ocean swells from the Tasman Sea and Southern Ocean are very energetic, and drive sand back and forth along this sparsely-inhabited shoreline. Ashok, K., Behera, S. K., Rao, S. A., Weng, H. & Yamagata, T. El Nio Modoki and its possible teleconnection. Nat. J. Clim. By continuing to browse the site, you consent to the use of our cookies. Lett. There is also historical experience within Japan of coal-mining cities, such as Yubari in Hokkaido and Omuta in Kyushu, that have struggled financially after Japan's energy system moved away from coal in the 1970s and domestic coal mines closed. Balouin, Y., Bourrin, F., Meslard, F., Palvadeau, E. & Robin, N. Assessing the role of storm waves and river discharge on sediment bypassing mechanisms at the Tt river mouth in the Mediterranean (Southeast France). The problem of coastal erosion. The land area is just about the same, but the ratio of the population density in the drainage basin is 60:1 in Tokyo Bays favor. Mar. One of the earli- est extensive beach nourishment projects undertaken in the United States was in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the 1950s. Soc. Londons investment appeal is unraveling as Arm heads to the U.S. Iceland shows the worldhow to run on reliable and clean energy, Family office of Nintendo heirs says patience is a superpower, Anger among Japan's opposition over plan to clear student debt for having babies, Japan's Cabinet backs use of GPS trackers for defendants on bail, Infinity and beyond: Yayoi Kusamas next evolution. Sarah Baird is a writer and editor based in New Orleans. It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) through the western North Pacific Ocean. Coastal zones have been used for various human activities from time immemorial. Internet Explorer). 96, 921938 (2014). Although no codified system exists in Japan, restoration of the environment, creation of new environments, and concern for the environment are present. (1980, 1984, and 1992). It is able to be beautiful and effective at the same time.. It was found that aquatic plants and animals were able to attach themselves easier to a slanted stacked stone seawall which was built for the Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay. Res. Natural coastal habitats like dunes, wetlands and plants can slow waves, reduce wave height and reduce erosion. References. Its not as if, Kato laughs, America doesnt have the know-how or technology to go a more structurally-based route. Additionally, the roots of plants help stabilize sand along a beach. Agricultural Structure Improvement Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Fisheries Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Harbor Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation, and the River Bureau of the Ministry of Construction. Mitigation concept. Federal Authority 15 2. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. Sci. In 2011, a team in the Netherlands came up with an innovative solution. 13, 3587 (2021). Automatic extraction of shorelines from Landsat TM and ETM+ multi-temporal images with subpixel precision. Compared to conventional gently slanted seawalls, the block shaped seawall resulted in an increase numbers of eggs laid. The total length of the coastline in Japan as of 1992 was 34,536 km. Artificial reefs were built at Narrowneck in 1999 and Palm Beach in 2019. This relationship is one of both of dependence, with most of the. The source code to map satellite-derived shorelines from Landsat imagery (CoastSat) is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2779293. Peterson, C. D., Jackson, P. L., ONeil, D. J., Rosenfeld, C. L. & Kimerling, A. J. Littoral cell response to interannual climatic forcing 19831987 on the central Oregon coast, USA. Cai, W. et al. Clim. from publication: Potential impact of climate change at five Japanese beaches . devised the study, designed the figures and wrote the manuscript. To achieve true ICZM, establishment of new laws and administrative bodies is desirable. Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Nio events in recent decades relative to past centuries. 130, 1425 (2017). 57, 959972 (2010). This relationship is one of both of dependence, with most of the countrys population living in coastal areas, and fear, as tsunamis and storm surges periodically threaten communities. This has manifested, in large part, in the re-installation of these Tetrapods (and all of their concrete kissing cousins, like seawalls) along the most vulnerable coasts. The 6,000-plus islands that make up the Japanese archipelago have a new addition, after scientists said an undersea volcanic eruption 1,200km (745 miles) south of Tokyo had created a new landmass . The National Parks Act and the Seto Inland Sea Preservation Special Measures Act cover the protection of nature. Coastal zone management must be sensitive to the nuances of the ecological variables of coastal ecosystems. 1286-1290. Lett. Coast. Geomorphology 413, 108360 (2022). Introduction to the importance of coastal area in Japan. Eng. ICZM seeks a long-term and broad-based perspective in coastal management. To provide protection against coastal erosion, thereby reducing threats to the critical roadway. Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO. The data are also displayed on an interactive web portal at http://coastsat.wrl.unsw.edu.au/. The 200-mile economic exclusion zone encompasses an area of about 4.47 million square kilometers. Data 6, 161 (2019). The Japan Times LTD. All rights reserved. Please add japantimes.co.jp and piano.io to your list of allowed sites. Research goals & Methodology. Geophys. %PDF-1.4 % Adebisi, N., Balogun, A. L., Mahdianpari, M. & Min, T. H. Assessing the impacts of rising sea level on coastal morpho-dynamics with automated high-frequency shoreline mapping using multi-sensor optical satellites. Phillips, M. S., Harley, M. D., Turner, I. L., Splinter, K. D. & Cox, R. J. Shoreline recovery on wave-dominated sandy coastlines: the role of sandbar morphodynamics and nearshore wave parameters. ISSN 1752-0908 (online) The seas around Japan are deep, while those around the Gulf Coast arent as much, Kato says, also noting that Japan loses 1.6 square kilometers of beach a year to erosion. Remote Sens. Eng. Morphodynamics and evolution of estuarine sandspits along the Bight of Benin coast, West Africa. It was not drafted from the viewpoint of integrated management of the coastal zone. The largest subsidence along the coast has exceeded 1 m in the last 40 years. As an island nation with roughly 30,000 kilometers of coastline, Japan's connection to the sea is as deep as the ocean itself. J. Climatol. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/20) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 1/1/20) and Ars Technica Addendum (effective 8/21/2018). A. 0000004958 00000 n Sixteen years of bathymetry and waves at San Diego beaches. Japan is prone to seaborne natural disasters, including typhoon-induced flooding and high waves, and tsunamis or tidal waves. The coastline of Japan ( Fig. August 31, 2022 Remote Sensing Coastal Change We use remote-sensing technologiessuch as aerial photography, satellite imagery, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry, and lidar (laser-based surveying)to measure coastal change along U.S. shorelines. Artificial reefs. Today, the structures have an almost omnipresence anywhere land meets the sea. Clim. State and County Tools 17 2. Sorry, but your browser needs Javascript to use this site. J. The coast in the vicinity of the artificial channels accreted and there was erosion on the down-drift side of the river mouth. Yeh, S. W. et al. Rep. 8, 6641 (2018). Nat. Lawson, S. K. et al. Hansen, J. E. & Barnard, P. L. Sub-weekly to interannual variability of a high-energy shoreline. This is followed by Kerala on the west coast, which has 592.96 km of coastline and 46.4% of it (275.33 km) faced erosion. Rev. Coastal Erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by high winds, drainage, wave action, wave currents, and tidal currents. If you're not sure how to activate it, please refer to this site. Int. Coastal Erosion vs. Beach Erosion 12 C. Coastal Hazards 13 D. Ho'olaulima 14 II. State Authority 15 3. Current status of the coastal environment in Japan. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Coastal erosion in Japan. Notable erosion was resulted from the. From an engineering point of view, erosion of the rocky coast may be neglected, except when unconsolidated strata of the sea cliffs are eroded. 91, 490506 (1965). Sci. Whereas rocks would, eventually, wash away, the weight and puzzle-piece styling of the Tetrapod allows them to stand firm against the elements, come what may. Erosion is the wearing away of rock along the coastline. K.V., M.H.D., I.L.T. Santoso, A., Mcphaden, M. J. Japan is covered with mountainous regions unsuitable for intense human utilization. 0xUdpCa0!@ZZFGRg`9X]_**03V5wHR e>q WM3>{`{g In addition to the first edition, six new examples of the beach erosion in Japan are included, as is new analysis of the BG model (a model for predicting based on Bagnold's concept), which can be applicable to various field problems. Coastal Erosion Is Accelerating At Alarming Rates And Humans Are To Blame David Bressan Contributor I deal with the rocky road to our modern understanding of earth New! This could be due to a conflict with your ad-blocking or security software. Sci. Masselink, G. & Short, A. D. The effect of tide range on beach morphodynamics and morphology: a conceptual beach model. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution, Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals, Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription, Receive 12 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. One of the purposes of Mimura et al.s method is to overcome the trade-offs between the objectives. have bays), disconnected sand systems are more developed, with ports and residential subdivisions. Wang, G. et al. In the first section of the paper, the current status of the coastal environment in Japan is examined and problem areas identified. 33-37. The eroding velocity of the rocky coast with its large compressive strength is extremely small compared with that of the sandy beach. Nature 461, 511514 (2009). Geomorphology 333, 6172 (2019). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like On the cliff/bench/terrace coastline, the terrace consists of _____., The 2011 Japan Earthquake and tsunami were associated with _____., _____ is the term for the area of open water over which the wind blows to generate waves. Tamil Nadu, with a long coastline of 991.47 km, recorded erosion along 42. . In May 1961, the same year the papers of the Japanese coastal engineers were published, Nippon Tetrapod Co., Ltd.(Nihon Tetorapoddo Kabushiki Gaisha ) was founded in Tokyo "with production and sales of tetrapods, and design and installation of the construction thereof as the primary business objectives . In contrast, the east coast's embayed (i.e. (316 KB), Chapter 2: BEACH EROSION CURRENT REALITY, Chapter 3: PRACTICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING BEACH CHANGES, Chapter 4: BEACH EROSION AS STRUCTURAL PROBLEM, Classification of Causes of Beach Erosion, Beach Erosion Due to Obstruction of Longshore Sand, Beach Erosion Triggered by Construction of Wave-Sheltering Structures, Beach Erosion Due to Decrease in Fluvial Sediment Supply, Beach Erosion Triggered by Offshore Sand Mining/Dredging, Beach Erosion Triggered by Construction of Detached Breakwater as Countermeasure, Disappearance of Natural Sand Dunes Due to Excess Planting of Coasta Forest, Disappearance of Sandy Beach Triggered by Construction of Gently Sloping Revetments, Prediction of Stable Shoreline on Pocket Beach, Three-Dimensional Model for Predicting Beach Changes Using Hsu and Evans' Model, Predictive Model of Three-Dimensional Beach Changes on Coast with a Seawall by Expanding Hsu and Evans' Model, Simple Model for Predicting Three-Dimensional Beach Changes on Statically Stable Beach, Shoreline Change Model on Coasts Composed of Sand of Mixed Grain Size, Predictive Model of Shoreline and Grain Size around River Mouth, Contour-Line Change Model Considering Stabilization Mechanism of Longitudinal Profile, BG Model Predicting Three-Dimensional Beach Changes Based on Bagnold's Concept and Applications, Institutional (Legal) Issues Related to Beach Erosion, Beach Erosion Due to Obstruction of Longshore Sand Transport, Momosaki-hama Coast in Niigata Prefecture, Shinkawa Fishing Port in Niigata Prefecture, Fukude Fishing Port in Shizuoka Prefecture, Imazu-sakano Coast in Tokushima Prefecture, Teradomari and Nozumi Coasts in Niigata Prefecture, Kashiwazaki Port and Arahama Coast in Niigata Prefecture, Ajigaura Beach and Naka Coast in Ibaraki Prefecture, TojoMaebara Coast in Kamogawa City in Chiba Prefecture, Shimobara Fishing Port in Tateyama City in Chiba Prefecture, Wada Port in Wakasa Bay in Fukui Prefecture, Tsutsuki Beach on Iki Island in Nagasaki Prefecture, Shiratsuru Beach in Amakusa District in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kashiwabara Coast in Kagoshima Prefecture, Nagayama Beach on Irabu Island in Okinawa Prefecture, Shizuoka and Shimizu Coasts in Shizuoka Prefecture, Tenryu River and Enshu-nada Coast in Shizuoka Prefecture, Marginal Coast of Banzu Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay, Mouth of Sagami River in Kanagawa Prefecture, Sumiyoshi-hama Sand Spit in Oita Prefecture, AriakeTakahama Coast in Ibaraki Prefecture, Disappearance of Natural Sand Dunes Due to Excess Planting of Coastal Forest, Nakamura-hama Coast in Niigata Prefecture, Southern Kujukuri Coast in Chiba Prefecture, Uchihama Coast on Miyako Island in Okinawa Prefecture, Three-Dimensional Model for Predicting Beach Changes Using Hsu and Evans Model, Predictive Model of Three-Dimensional Beach Changes on Coast With a Seawall by Expanding Hsu and Evans Model, Predictive Model of Shoreline and Grain Size Around River Mouth, Comparison of Results of Experiments and Numerical Simulations, BG Model Predicting Three-Dimensional Beach Changes Based on Bagnolds Concept and Applications, Application to Nagayama Beach on Irabu Island in Okinawa, Occurrence of Issues at Boundaries between Shore Protection, Port, and Fishing Port Areas, Relationship between Dredging Operations and Beach Erosion, Issues Arising from Conceptual Differences in Land Management by Coastal Act and Forest Law, Issues Related to Method by Which Public Sectors Expend Their Budgets, Necessity of Further Revision of the Coastal Act, System of Administration and Difficulty of Training of Specialists, Technical Issues Related to Beach Erosion. 43, pp. Coast. Analysis of Coastal Erosion in Japan Based on Watershed CharacteristicsB1396924WANG SHUANG1. Q. J. R. Meteorol. An artificial coastal area is an area where structures have been erected in shallow waters. ), the hydro-sphere (sea climate, sea bottom topography, water quality and bottom quality, etc. & Turner, I. L. Sub-annual to multi-decadal shoreline variability from publicly available satellite imagery. 71, 83104 (2016). Ranasinghe, R., McLoughlin, R., Short, A. Landf. AAaaaaaaaaaaaagh . Tetrapods, nightmares coming back. Geophys. Many coastal landforms naturally undergo quasi-periodic cycles of erosion and accretion on time-scales of days to years. Most of Japan is threatened by flooding and high waves during the typhoon season around September. Implications for exploration and reservoir analogue studies. 14, contains four geospatial layers (.GeoJSON) and a README file. Russell, P. E. Mechanisms for beach erosion during storms. Copyright 2023 Nautilus Institute. Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. Always appearing in flocks, the Tetrapods interlocking design feels like an upgraded version of piling up rocks to stop water from eroding the coast. Mar. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01117-8. J. Geophys. Methods for creating a base for seaweed to adhere using blocks placed at the bottom of the sea and methods for transplanting seaweed have been employed to create sites for new seaweed beds. & Winter, C. Shore and bar cross-shore migration, rotation, and breathing processes at an embayed beach. 146, 19992049 (2020). The Japanese know all this too well. Nat. Thus, one objective of ICZM is to preserve the ecological integrity of coastal zone ecosystems. coastal erosion in japan coastal erosion in japan coastal erosion in japan has not start now but start from 30 to 40 years ago when seas development and gulf DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions McMaster University York University University of Ottawa In particular, high energy tsunamis are frequently experienced in the Sanriku region in the northeast part of the main island of Honshu. Naturally, the document was published by the US Government in the mid-2000s. Two years after the transplant, the density of the eelgrass was observed to have doubled. 185, 271283 (2016). (1996) Functional Evaluation of Artificial Dry Beaches Created for Mitigation, Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. (1990). This is a combination of tsunami forests with wetland and other land use that facilitate water detention to absorb storm water runoff and tsunami . A final objective is to comprehensively integrate the separate efforts undertaken to achieve the first three objectives. Their attitude is one that feels more practical, and bleak, than anything ever expressed in the US when it comes to natural disaster prevention. Luijendijk, A. et al. CNMN Collection Gorelick, N. et al. Commun. Model. If the environmental foundation is not maintained over long time scales (say, decades), the ecological, disaster prevention, and human utilization functions of coastal zones will suffer. A stones throw off the coastline, dozens of gigantic, 10-ton concrete structures known as Tetrapods form a long row and lookif were being honestas if a giant dumped a behemoth box of jacks into the sea. Consequently, humans must monitor and manage each facet in an integrated manner to ensure that the human relationship to coastal zones remains harmonious. If small island states are excluded, Japan comes in second in the world behind Denmark (150 meters of coastline per square kilometer of total land area) in coastline length per unit total land area. Vos, K., Splinter, K. D., Harley, M. D., Simmons, J. Wolter, K. & Timlin, M. S. El Nio/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext). According to the City of Gold Coast, the Palm Beach reef cost $18.2 million and has retained about . Analysis of the changes in the spatial area of dry beaches, seaweed beds, and coral reefs in Japan in the post-war period shows that the drop in dry beach area in the 1970s is particularly striking. & Cai, W. The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Nio. Coastal erosion threatens homes, livelihoods and animal habitats. A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.The purpose of a seawall is to protect areas of human habitation, conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides, waves, or tsunamis. Follow this author to. Keywords: Shinano River, jetty-Ohkozu channel, Sekiya channel, erosion. Castelle, B., Ritz, A., Marieu, V., Nicolae Lerma, A. They can hit anywhere in Japan, but they are most common on the Pacific coast. These figures clearly underscore just how central coastal zones are to human activity in Japan. Coastal erosion is a problem of utmost importance in Japan because coastal erosion compromises the ability of coastal zones to act as front-line defenses against floods, tsunamis, and rough seas, to provide adequate utilization functions, and to maintain the integrity of shallow water ecosystems. Res. To this end, Japans prowess in technological development can be harness to integrate separate technologies into a coherent mitigation-oriented system of technologies that can enhance the coastal zone environmental foundation. Res. Analysis of erosion speeds of sand-pebble coasts as determined by comparing of past and present topographic maps shows that coastal erosion has accelerated in the post-war era (Tanaka et al., 1993). On the Creation of Substitute Seaweed Sites and the Adherence Conditions of Seaweeds in the Number 3 Reactor at the Ikata Atomic Energy Plant, Inland Sea Science, Vol. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Nat. A 60,000 square meter seaweed mound was created to replace a seaweed site that was destroyed by the construction of the Ikata power plant in Ehime Prefecture. by Sophie A. The reason for this concentration of activity on coasts is not difficult to determine for Japan. In the next 10 years, construction of seawalls together with off-shore barriers dominated. It was the largest in Japan's history, and created a massive tsunami that impacted Japan's northeastern coast. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The state of the worlds beaches. & Palomar-Vzquez, J. Thus, Japan experiences relatively high sea temperatures and a warm climate given its high northern latitude. ICZM Theoretical Framework Techno-Ocean 92. The Eastern Pacific is particularly vulnerable to widespread erosion, most notably during the large 1997/1998 El Nio event. Given their effectiveness and mass-marketing appeal, why do Tetrapods and other breakwater barriers not show up more often in the United States? Res. In the 30-year period from 1962 to 1992 protective structures were built on about 4,248 km of coast. As momentum grows around the world for reforestation, due in part to the need to sequester carbon, Japan's experience can inform countries like China, Pakistan and India. Coastal erosion is unstoppable. The observed regional variability in the coastal response to ENSO has important implications for coastal planning and adaptation measures across the Pacific, particularly in light of projected future changes in ENSO amplitude and flavour. & Turner, I. L. CoastSat: a Google Earth Engine-enabled Python toolkit to extract shorelines from publicly available satellite imagery. Yet, how sandy coasts respond to these basin-scale changes has to date been limited to a few long-term beach monitoring sites, predominantly on developed coasts. At the same time, coastal zones are subject to intense use by humans-for transportation activities, resources and energy extraction, industrial uses, and recreation. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion. Nat. A nearby elementary school has been abandoned and converted into a future emergency shelter, just in case. M.H.D., I.L.T. Another example is found in Hiaijima in Kumamoto Prefecture where a 19,000 square meter transplant site was created to replace an eelgrass site that was lost with the creation of an artificial recreational beach. Barnard, P. L. et al. 45, 101798 (2021). Bryony Nierop-Reading was evicted by the sea. 0000003257 00000 n It stops the waves from beating down on the shore, whether during a gales of a tsunami or the daily lap of erosion. Remote Sens. J. Mod. Extreme oceanographic forcing and coastal response due to the 20152016 El Nio. Understanding ENSO diversity. Geophys. Cont. Environ. Am. Vos, K., Harley, M. D., Splinter, K. D., Walker, A. A 24-hectare dry beach has been created along a breakwater to replace the dry beach at the mouth of a river which was been lost to harbor development. Californians should expect a two-lane . Kilian Vos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047707 (2011). To learn more see our FAQ. Geography Geoscience Geographic Database Projection of Japanese coastal erosion due to climate change using a geographic database Authors: Nobuhito Mori Kyoto University Sota Nakajo Kumamoto. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. 13, 12431265 (1993). 2342 Shattuck Ave. #300, Berkeley, CA 94704 | Phone: (510) 423-0372 | Email: nautilus@nautilus.org. Barnard, P. L. et al. Australian sea levelstrends, regional variability and influencing factors. 26, 94629476 (2013). 31, 10741087 (2011). In the following sections we will examine the current status of Japans coastal zone relative to the three functional aspects of coastal zones important to humans mentioned above-disaster prevention, human utilization, and provision of ecological services. On the basis of more than 83,000 beach transects covering 8,300km of sandy coastline, we find that approximately one-third of all transects experience significant erosion during El Nio phases. Lessons learnt show the manner in which excessive coastal development without clearly identified measures for beach protection can have widespread global ramifications. Regardless of unknown variables, the minimum projected rate of beach loss in the near future is 18%, according to the study. Almost all causes of the beach erosion in Japan are due to anthropogenic factors as a result of human activity. Table 2 shows a comparison of the Tokyo Bay and San Francisco Bay areas. 0000012109 00000 n Instead, we want to build armor that gives people another 10 seconds to escape. Coastal Erosion Conferences in Japan 2022 2023 2024 is for the researchers, scientists, scholars, engineers, academic, scientific and university practitioners to present research activities that might want to attend events, meetings, seminars, congresses, workshops, summit, and symposiums. A recent increase in global wave power as a consequence of oceanic warming. Soc. Mimura et al. Concrete coastal installations can also be lethally dangerous to swimmers and surfers, as well to shipping and recreational boaters. Vos, K., Harley, M.D., Turner, I.L. The founder and mastermind behind the company Maniapparelwho asked that his name and likeness not revealed due to a strict day jobhas made it his off-the-clock mission to make the Tetrapod feel accessible to the masses. SENDAI, JapanIts a blustery day and Im standing on a giant concrete seawall, staring over the water. Lett. 13, 2454 (2021). Erosion and tidal surges are threatening fishing communities in West Africa. J. Clim. Lett. In addition, Japans coastline is prone to erosion. 2. Woollings, T. & Blackburn, M. The North Atlantic jet stream under climate change and its relation to the NAO and EA patterns. Stat. A constant reminder of this complex interplay are the concrete structures that line more than 40% of Japans jagged coastline. Vidal-Ruiz, J. ICZM Examples 0000019186 00000 n Nature Geoscience thanks Juilan OGrady, Patrick Barnard, Mark Dickson and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.