naive scientist vs cognitive miser naive scientist vs cognitive miser

/F3 23 0 R stream >> -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. /F4 24 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman Contents. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. What is "lowballing?" A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? /Group << >> "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Font << /Subtype /Type0 The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /S /Transparency That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. We have created a browser extension. others. \end{array} According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? /Tabs /S ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? % Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. /LastChar 116 The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. /Contents 38 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 269273 . What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ Stolz . >> [15][pageneeded]. /Parent 2 0 R Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. endobj Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. /Type /StructElem [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /S /Transparency c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. /StructParents 1 >> Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. 2 0 obj [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /Resources << 260 0 R 261 0 R] endobj How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? What is a meta-analysis? /ToUnicode 367 0 R /Header /Sect endobj [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. >> Cognitive miser - HandWiki /ExtGState << "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? /Type /Page /F3 23 0 R /F1 21 0 R Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /BaseFont /Times-Bold ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /Type /Group What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others /F4 24 0 R Explain the significance of /ExtGState << Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. -Cognitive component: stereotypes /Tabs /S The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /F3 23 0 R [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. What is obedience? attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /GS8 28 0 R 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /GS7 27 0 R Houd . /FontDescriptor 364 0 R /Font << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". When does it occur? Cognitive miser - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia >> Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Name /F3 The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known >> 5 0 obj /Tabs /S One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. /Annotation /Sect [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches 1,000 & 12,000 6 0 obj >> -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. -Responses varied across cultures A history of social cognition. - APA PsycNET /Parent 2 0 R /Resources << "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. economic zones to fisheries. /Type /ExtGState /CS /DeviceRGB 29 0 obj What is social facilitation? What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? >> -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /Producer Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture 18 0 obj -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one /Font << Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /FontDescriptor 365 0 R [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. >> Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /ca 1 What is the actor-observer bias? 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 6,000 & 7,000 \\ >> Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] %PDF-1.5 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Describe his findings. Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /CS /DeviceRGB System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. >> /ExtGState << /BM /Normal /Subtype /Type1 ] Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /Type /Page providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. /GS7 27 0 R 1) time - short of time = use cog. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Central vs. Peripheral Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. >> adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /Type /Group /Type /Catalog [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. PDF Chapter 1: Introduction - SAGE Publications Inc /Parent 2 0 R makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Font What is the difference between them? /Parent 2 0 R -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. << We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. >> /BaseFont /Arial [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group certain conditions. /GS8 28 0 R [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /StructParents 10 -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). /Count 13 [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /S /Transparency Heuristics are one way that we save resources. /Contents 35 0 R 7,000 & 6,000 \\ endobj It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /StructParents 12 /F2 22 0 R [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Workbook /Document /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. traits associated with the stereotype. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. endobj Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. >> /GS8 28 0 R -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Cookie policy. /F1 21 0 R >> Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. /Resources << -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is social comparison theory? An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /Subtype /Type1 endobj << /Resources << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] -Conformity: /Type /Font /ExtGState << /F6 26 0 R /Type /Page endobj What is the probability that he will be a good president?" -Examples: sports events. 19 0 obj -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R /ExtGState << 48 . /F2 22 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? /CS /DeviceRGB [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. >> This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. /Type /Page /GS7 27 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. affects which beliefs and rules we test >> (1950s) a. << /Parent 2 0 R /F1 21 0 R Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /F3 23 0 R %PDF-1.4 /Group << /Type /Page 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R >> Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. /Footer /Sect Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. endobj >> What factors affect obedience? How did Milgram study obedience? Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] When can it enhance social behavior? Keith Stanovich . Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. . [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /F4 24 0 R /Font << /Marked true /F3 23 0 R by Emma2201, In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /F3 23 0 R The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /GS8 28 0 R [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. 8 0 obj 72 0 R] The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /S /Transparency >> /StructParents 11 Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. >> Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Textbox /Sect -In group: (us) /Parent 2 0 R >> The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right >> naive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com << >> Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? /F3 23 0 R attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under /Name /F1 Please sign in to share these flashcards. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. >> Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us >> People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. It spans a topic. /Subtype /TrueType -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence.